Mechanisms and management of acaricide resistance for Tetranychus urticae in agroecosystems

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a constant threat to sustainable production of numerous economically important crops globally. Management T. heavily reliant on the application synthetic acaricides. However, has rapidly developed resistance most acaricides available for its control due very broad host plant range, extremely short lifecycle, high fecundity, arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, and overwintering strategy. Despite recent progress in identifying genetic changes/markers associated with toward some commonly used urticae, there still limited studies that select apply these markers field populations guide pest management strategy design. Temporal spatial characterization acaricide-resistant phenotypes their underlying mechanisms are crucial design implementation successful integrated mite programs. This review highlights current acaricide status field-collected molecular resistance. Our found mutations target sites and/or overexpression metabolic genes confer geographically exclusive populations, while appear be specific at biogeographical areas. Thus, need locally based coordinated efforts understand present endemic populations. Moreover, we discuss prospective template designing an effective program within various agroecosystems.